Aquariums Visual Basic Programming Blog

Returns a string that consists of the first character of character duplicated number times Example The line: MsgBox(StrDup(Number:=5, Character:=”ABC”)) displays “AAAAA”. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The StrDup function is new to VB .NET. It appears in part to be a replacement for the String function. StrReverse Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax StrReverse(expression) expression Use: Required Data Type: String The string whose characters are to be reversed Return Value String Description Returns a string that is the reverse of the string passed to it. For example, if the string and is passed to it as an argument, StrReverse returns the string dna. Structure…End Structure Statement Syntax Public|Private|Friend] Structure StructureName Nonmethod member declarations
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o Carriage Return Chr$(13) o Space Chr$(32) Programming Tips and Gotchas If you convert to proper case, StrConv converts the first letter of each word to uppercase regardless of whether that word is significant. Hence, “this is the time” becomes “This Is The Time,” even though “the” ordinarily would not be capitalized. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences Two conversion values supported by VB 6, VbUnicode and VbFromUnicode, have no equivalent in the VbStrConv enumeration. As a result, the function can no longer be used to convert ASCII to Unicode or Unicode to ASCII. See Also StrComp Function, StrDup Function, StrReverse Function StrDup Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax StrDup(number,character) number Use: Required Data Type: Integer The number of times to duplicate the first character in string character Use: Required Data Type: String, Char, or Object containing a String or Char The String or Char whose first character is to be duplicated Return Value A String containing the character duplicated the specified number of times Description
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A String converted according to conversion. Description Performs special conversions on a string Rules at a Glance The following intrinsic conversion constants specify the type of conversion to perform: Constant Converts… VbStrConv.UpperCase The entire string to uppercase. VbStrConv.LowerCase The entire string to lowercase. VbStrConv.ProperCase The first letter of every word in str to an uppercase character. VbStrConv.Wide Narrow (single-byte) characters in str to wide (doublebyte) characters. VbStrConv.Narrow Wide (double-byte) characters in str to narrow (singlebyte) characters. VbStrConv.Katakana Hiragana characters in str to Katakana characters. VbStrConv.Hiragana Katakana characters in str to Hiragana characters. VbStrConv.LinguisticCasing Uses linguistic rules for casing. Can be used only with UpperCase and LowerCase. VbStrConv.None Performs no conversion on str. VbStrConv.SimplifiedChinese Traditional Chinese characters in str to Simplified Chinese. VbStrConv.TraditionalChinese Simplified Chinese characters in str to Traditional Chinese. You can combine some of these constants by adding them together or using a logical OR. For example: VbStrConv.UpperCase + VbStrConv.Wide The only restriction is that the constants must be mutually exclusive. For example, specifying the value: VbStrConv.UpperCase Or VbStrConv.ProperCase ‘ Error will produce an error. VbStrConv.Katakana and VbStrConv.Hiragana only apply to locales in Japanese. Use of these constants on systems using other locales generates runtime error 5, “Invalid procedure call or argument.” VbStrConv.Wide and VbStrConv.Narrow only apply to locales in the Far East. Use of these constants on systems using other locales will generate a runtime error. When determining the start of a new word to convert to proper case, StrConv recognizes the following characters as word separators: o Null Chr$(0) o Horizontal Tab Chr$(9) o Line-feed Chr$(10) o Vertical Tab Chr$(11) o Form Feed Chr$(12)
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string1 = string2 0 string1 > string2 1 string1 or string2 is Null Null Programming Tips and Gotchas Using the comparison operators <, <=, >, and >= to compare strings performs a character-bycharacter binary comparison. The StrComp function can provide a significant performance improvement (in the neighborhood of 30% to 70%) over the comparison operators. See Also StrConv Function, StrDup Function, StrReverse Function StrConv Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax StrConv(str, conversion[, localeID]) str Use: Required Data Type: String The string expression to convert conversion Use: Required Data Type: Constant of the VbStrConv enumeration One of the constants listed in Rules at a Glance. localeID Use: Optional Data Type: Integer The locale identifier to use for the conversion Return Value

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StrComp Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax StrComp(string1, string2[, compare]) string1 Use: Required Data Type: String Any string expression string2 Use: Required Data Type: String Any string expression compare Use: Optional Data Type: CompareMethod constant Either CompareMethod.Binary or CompareMethod.Text Return Value Integer Description Determines whether two strings are equal and, if not, which of two strings has the greater value Rules at a Glance The compare argument is one of CompareMethod.Binary or CompareMethod.Text. If no comparison is specified, VB uses the value of OptionCompare. The following table describes the possible return values from the StrComp function: Scenario Return value string1 < string2 -1
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End Statement Str Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Conversion Syntax Str(number) number Use: Required Data Type: Numeric Any valid numeric expression or expression capable of conversion to a number Return Value A String representation of number Description Converts number from a numeric to a string Rules at a Glance If the conversion of number to a string cannot be made, an InvalidCastException error occurs. To prevent this, you can check the value of number by passing it to the IsNumeric function before calling Str. If number is not a numeric value or is not capable of conversion to a number (so that it can in turn be converted to a string), an InvalidCastException exception occurs. If the return value is positive, the Str function always includes a leading space in the returned string for the sign of number. Programming Tips and Gotchas Use the LTrim function to remove the leading space that the Str function adds to the start of the returned string. Both the CStr and Format functions have now superceded the Str function. The CStr function does not add a leading space for the sign of a positive number. Both the CStr and the Format functions are internationally aware, able to recognize decimal delimiters other than the period (.). See Also CStr Function
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both Var1 and Var2 are variants rather than strings. In VB .NET, the type declaration applies to all undeclared variables since the last explicit type declaration. So the previous statement in VB .NET would cast Var1, Var2, and Var3 as strings. In VB 6, declaring and initializing variables are separate steps; aside from allowing VB to assign variables their default values, variables cannot be initialized at the same time they are declared. In VB .NET, variables can be assigned an initial value when they are declared. VB 6 allowes you to declare fixed-length strings; they are not supported, however, in VB .NET. VB 6 allows you to define the lower bound of an array when it is initialized. In VB .NET, all arrays have a lower bound of 0. Hence, the VB 6 syntax: Static array(1 To 20) As String is not supported in VB .NET. In VB 6, arrays are either fixed length or dynamic; in VB .NET, all arrays are dynamic. In VB 6, it is possible to define a procedure or a function as Static, meaning that all local variables defined in that routine are static. In VB .NET, the use of the Static keyword with the Function or Sub statements is not supported. See Also Dim Statement Stop Statement Syntax Stop Description Suspends program execution Rules at a Glance There is no limit to the number and position of Stop statements within procedures. The Stop statement acts like a breakpoint placing the program in break mode and highlighting the current line in the development environment allowing you to step through the code line by line. Programming Tips and Gotchas Stop is intended primarily for use in the design-time environment, where it suspends program execution without terminating it. In the runtime environment, however, Stop will cause the debugger to be invoked. Unlike the End statement, Stop does not explicitly close any open files or clear any variables, except in a compiled executable. See Also
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When multiple variables are declared on the same line, if a variable is not declared with a explicit type declaration, then its type is that of the next variable with an explicit type declaration. Thus, in the line: Static x As Long, i, j, k As Integer, s As String the variables i, j, and k have type Integer. (In VB 6, the variables i and j would have type Variant.) When a static variable is initialized on the same line as its declaration, the initialization process is performed only the first time the declaration line is encountered. (Otherwise, the variable would not be static.) VB .NET permits the initialization of variables in the same line as their declaration (at long last!). Thus, we may write: Static x As Integer = 5 to declare an Integer variable and initialize it to 5. Similarly, we can declare and initialize more than one variable on a single line: Static x As Integer = 6, y As Integer = 9 Variables that are not explicitly initialized by the Static statement have the following default values: Data type Initial value All numeric types 0 Boolean False Date 01/01/0001 12:00:00 AM Decimal 0 Object Nothing String Zero-length string (”") Static variables can have procedure-level scope or block-level scope. Static variables with procedure-level scope last the lifetime of the application, but they are accessible only within the procedure in which they are defined. Static variables with block-level scope last the lifetime of the application, but they are accessible only within the code block (such as a looping construct or an If statement) in which they are defined. Programming Tips and Gotchas It is a recognized programming practice when using the Static statement in a procedure to put the Static statement at the beginning of that procedure. Although their value persists between calls to a procedure, Static variables do not have scope outside of the procedure in which they are created. For more on static variables, see Chapter 2. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences When multiple variables are declared on a single line of code in VB 6, variables not explicitly assigned a data type are cast as variants. For example, in the statement: Static Var1, Var2, Var3 As String

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Data Type: Any The name of the variable, following Visual Basic naming conventions subscripts Use: Optional Data Type: Integer Denotes varname as an array and specifies the dimension and upper bounds of the array New Use: Optional Type: Keyword Used to automatically create an instance of the object referred to by the object variable, varname type Use: Optional Type: Keyword Data type of the variable varname Description Used at procedure level to declare a Static variable and to allocate the relevant storage space in memory. Static variables retain their value between calls to the procedure in which they are declared. Rules at a Glance A Static variable’s scope is limited to the procedure in which it is created. The subscripts argument has the following syntax: upperbound [, upperbound] Using the subscripts argument, you can declare up to 60 multiple dimensions for the array. The New keyword specifies that a new instance of the object will be created. Use of the New keyword in the Static statement therefore eliminates the subsequent need to instantiate the object. You cannot use the New keyword to declare variables of any intrinsic data type or to declare instances of dependent objects. If you don’t use the New keyword with an object variable, you must use an assignment statement to assign an existing object to the variable before you can use the variable. datatype may be Boolean, Byte, Char, Date, Decimal, Double, Integer, Long, Object, Short, Single, String, a user-defined type, or an object type. If you don’t specify datatype, the variable will be cast as an Object.

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None Description Places an Object on the top of the stack Rules at a Glance The Push method adds an item to the top of the stack and increases the Count property by 1. Stack.ToArray Method Class System.Collections.Stack Syntax stackvariable.ToArray( ) Return Value An Array of type Object Description Creates an array of type Object, copies the elements of the stack in order, and then returns the array Programming Tips and Gotchas Unlike the CopyTo method, the ToArray method does not require that we define an array in advance. However, we cannot specify the starting array index for the copy procedure. See Also Stack.CopyTo Method Static Statement Syntax Static varname[([subscripts])] [As [New] type] _ [,varname[([subscripts])] [As [New] type]] . . . varname Use: Required
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