Aquariums Visual Basic Programming Blog

Computes the straight-line depreciation of an asset for a single period Rules at a Glance The function uses a very simple formula to calculate depreciation: (cost - salvage) / life The depreciation period is determined by the time period of life. All arguments must be positive numeric values. See Also DDB Function, SYD Function Space Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax Space(number) number Use: Required Data Type: Integer An expression evaluating to the number of spaces required Return Value A String containing number spaces Description Creates a string containing number spaces Rules at a Glance While number can be zero (in which case the function returns the empty string), runtime error 5, “Invalid procedure call or argument,” is generated if number is negative. Programming Tips and Gotchas The Space function is most useful for creating a string buffer, an area where an external function can write data to be returned to the calling program.

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Rules at a Glance This is a Shared member, so it can be used without creating any objects. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The Sinh function is new to the .NET Framework. See Also Cosh Function, Tanh Function SLN Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Financial Syntax SLN(cost, salvage, life) cost Use: Required Data Type: Double The initial cost of the asset salvage Use: Required Data Type: Double The value of the asset at the end of its useful life life Use: Required Data Type: Double The length of the useful life of the asset Return Value A Double representing depreciation per period Description
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Description Returns the ratio of two sides of a right triangle in the range -1 to 1 Rules at a Glance The ratio is determined by dividing the length of the side opposite the angle by the length of the hypotenuse. This is a Shared member, so it can be used without creating any objects. Programming Tips and Gotchas You can convert degrees to radians using the formula: radians = degrees * (pi/180) You can convert radians to degrees using the formula: degrees = radians * (180/pi) See Also Cos Function, Tan Function Sinh Function Class System.Math Syntax Math.Sinh(value) value Use: Required Data Type: Double or numeric expression An angle in radians Return Value A Double denoting the hyperbolic sine of the angle Description Returns the hyperbolic sine of an angle

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The return value of the Sign function is determined by the sign of value, as follows: If number is Sign returns Positive 1 Zero 0 Negative -1 Programming Tips and Gotchas Sign is useful in cases in which the sign of a quantity defines the sign of an expression. For example: lngResult = lngQty * Sgn(lngValue) This is a Shared member, so it can be used without creating any objects. If you are using the Sign function to evaluate a result to False (0) or True (any nonzero value), you could use the CBool function instead. A major use for Sign is to determine the sign of an expression. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The name of this function has changed. In VB 6, it is named Sgn. In VB .NET, it is named Sign and is a member of the Math class of the System namespace. See Also If…Then…Else Statement Sin Function Class System.Math Syntax Sin(a) a Use: Required Data Type: Numeric An angle expressed in radians Return Value A Double containing the sine of an angle

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elapsed) or 0 (if control returns to the application because the pathname application has been closed). In this latter case, Shell returns a 0 because, since the pathname application has been closed, its process ID is no longer valid. Timeout applies only when Wait is True. It defines the number of milliseconds that the application will wait for the pathname application to end before the wait is abandoned and application code resumes execution. Its default value is -1, which means that there is no timeout value and control returns to the application only when the pathname application has terminated. Programming Tips and Gotchas Wait is a long-needed addition to the Shell function that allows your application to know when the launched application has terminated. The Shell function does not use file associations. You cannot, for example, supply MyReport.Doc as the pathname in the hope that VB will load Microsoft Word, which in turn will load MyReport.Doc. Setting Wait to True and leaving Timeout at its default value of -1 creates the possibility that control will never return from the pathname application to the VB .NET application. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The Wait and Timeout arguments are new to VB .NET. They are not supported by VB 6. Sign Function Class System.Math Syntax Sign(value) value Use: Required Data Type: Any numeric type, including Decimal A numeric expression Return Value Integer Description Determines the sign of a number Rules at a Glance
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Value: 1 New application window is shown in its original position and size Focus: New application AppWinStyle.MinimizedFocus Value: 2 New application window is displayed as an icon Focus: New application AppWinStyle.MaximizedFocus Value: 3 New application window is maximized Focus: New application AppWinStyle.NormalNoFocus Value: 4 New application window is shown in its original position and size Focus: Current application AppWinStyle.MinimizedNoFocus Value: 6 New application window is displayed as an icon Focus: Current application The default when no style is specified is AppWinStyle.MinimizedFocus (2). If the application named in pathname executes successfully, Shell returns the windows task ID of the program. (The task ID is better known as the process ID or PID, a unique 32-bit value used to identify each running process.) It can be used as a parameter to the AppActivate procedure to give the application the focus and possibly to control it remotely using the Send and SendWait methods. The process ID is also required by a number of Win32 API calls. If the application named in pathname fails to execute, a runtime error is generated. The file launched by Shell must be executable. That is, it must be a file whose extension is .EXE or .COM (an executable file), .BAT (a batch file), or .PIF (a DOS shortcut file). Wait determines whether the Shell function operates synchronously (True) or asynchronously (False). The default is False; control returns to the application, and code continues executing as soon as the process ID is known. If True, the Shell function returns only when the pathname application is closed or, if Timeout is not -1, when the timeout period has expired. If Wait is False, the Shell function returns the application’s process ID. If Wait is True, it returns either the process ID (if control returns to the application because Timeout has

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The style of window and whether it receives the focus; see Rules at a Glance. Wait Use: Optional Data Type: Boolean Boolean indicating whether to wait for the pathname application to finish execution before continuing execution of subsequent code Timeout Use: Optional Data Type: Integer If Wait is True, number of milliseconds to wait for the pathname application to terminate before the Shell function times out Return Value An Integer representing the Process ID, or 0 Description Launches another application and, if successful, returns that application’s task ID Rules at a Glance pathname can include a drive letter. If a drive letter is not included in pathname, the current drive is assumed. pathname can include a folder name. You can use either a fully qualified path (i.e., starting from the root directory) or a relative path (i.e., starting from the current directory). If the folder name is not included in pathname, the current folder is assumed. pathname can include any command-line arguments and switches required by the application. For example: Shell(”notepad.exe c:data.txt”, AppWinStyle.NormalFocus) launches Notepad, which loads the file data.txt. Visual Basic includes the following intrinsic constants for setting the style argument: AppWinStyle.Hide Value: 0 New application window is hidden Focus: New application AppWinStyle.NormalFocus
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End Class Module modMain Public Sub Main Dim oEmp As New Employee oEmp.Name = “Jon” Console.WriteLine(oEmp.Name) Dim oAtt As New Attorney Dim oEmp2 As Employee oAtt.Name = “John” Console.WriteLine(oAtt.Name) oEmp2 = oAtt Console.WriteLine(oEmp2.Name) Dim oPart As New Partner Dim oAtt2 As Attorney oPart.Name = “Jack” Console.WriteLine(oPart.Name) oAtt2 = oPart Console.WriteLine(oAtt2.Name) End Sub End Module VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The Shadows keyword is new to VB .NET. Shell Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction Syntax Shell(pathname[,style][, Wait][, Timeout] ) pathname Use: Required Data Type: String Name of the program to execute style Use: Optional Data Type: AppWinStyle enumeration

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Description Indicates that a derived class member is hidden if its class is assigned to an instance of its base class. Calls to the shadowed method when made through the base class see the base class implementation rather than the shadowed implementation. Example Public Class Employee Protected strName As String Public Overridable Property Name( ) As String Get Name = strName End Get Set strName = Value End Set End Property End Class Public Class Attorney Inherits Employee Public Overrides Property Name( ) As String Get If Instr(1, strName, “Esq”) = 0 Then Return strName & “, Esq.” Else Return strName End If End Get Set If Instr(1, Value, “Esq”) = 0 Then strName = Value & “, Esq.” Else strName = Value End If End Set End Property End Class Public Class Partner Inherits Attorney Public Shadows Property Name( ) As String Get If Instr(1, strName, “Partner”) = 0 Then Return strName & “, Partner” Else Return strName End If End Get Set strName = Value End Set End Property

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Dim intAttrib As Integer intAttrib = GetAttr(strFN) intAttrib = intAttrib Or intNewAttrib SetAttr(strFN, intAttrib ) End Sub Programming Tips and Gotchas Setting file attributes simultaneously clears any attributes that are not set with the SetAttr procedure. For example, if SysFile.Dat is a read-only, hidden, system file, the statement: SetAttr “sysfile.dat”, VbArchive sets the archive attribute but clears the read-only, hidden, and system attributes. Clearly, this can have disastrous implications. To retain a file’s attributes while setting new ones, first retrieve its attributes using the GetAttr function, as the example program illustrates. Setting a file’s attributes to VbNormal clears all file attributes. Not all attribute values can be assigned to a file; many are assigned only by the operating system. For example, FileAttribute.Directory cannot be assigned to an existing directory or a file. Thus, when setting the attribute value of a file or directory, you must mask out these (or any other) illegal values. For example, the following code fragment shows how to do this in the case of a directory: Private Sub AddAttributes(strFN As String, _ intNewAttrib As Integer) Dim intAttrib As Integer intAttrib = GetAttr(strFN) ‘ If directory, mask out directory flag If intAttrib And FileAttribute.Directory Then intAttrib = intAttrib And &HFFFFFFEF End If intAttrib = intAttrib Or intNewAttrib SetAttr(strFN, intAttrib Or intNewAttrib) End Sub See Also GetAttr Function Shadows Keyword Syntax Shadows
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