Next Programming Tips and Gotchas Because the elements of an array are assigned to element by value, element is a “local” copy of the array element and not a reference to the array element itself. This means that you cannot make changes to the array elements, as the following example demonstrates: Dim sArray(2) As String Dim ele As String sArray (0) = “aa” sArray (1) = “bb” For Each ele In sArray ele = “xx” Debug.WriteLine(ele) Next For Each ele In sArray Debug.WriteLine(ele) Next The output is: xx xx
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Next [element] element Use: Required Data Type: Object or any user-defined object type An object variable to which the current element from the group is assigned group Use: Required An object collection or array statements Use: Optional A line or lines of program code to execute within the loop Description Loops through the items of a collection or the elements of an array Rules at a Glance The ForEach…Next code block is executed only if group contains at least one element. If group is an empty collection or an array that has not yet been dimensioned, an error (runtime errors 92, “For loop not initialized,” and 424, “Object required,” respectively, or a NullReferenceException exception) results. All statements are executed for each element in group in turn until either there are no more elements in group or the loop is exited prematurely using the ExitFor statement. Program execution then continues with the line of code following Next. ForEach…Next loops can be nested, but each element must be unique. For example: For Each myObj In AnObject For Each subObject In myObj SName = subObject.NameProperty Next Next uses a nested ForEach…Next loop, but two different variables, myObj and subObject, represent element. Any number of ExitFor statements can be placed within the ForEach…Next loop to allow for premature, conditional exit of the loop. Once the loop is exited, execution of the program continues with the line immediately following the Next statement. For example, the following loop terminates once the program finds a name in the myObj collection that has fewer than ten characters: For Each subObject In myObj SName = subObject.NameProperty If Len(Sname) < 10 then Exit For End if
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Dim iCount As Integer = cboCombo.Items.Count For i = 0 To iCount – 1 If cboCombo.Items(i) = sSought Then cboCombo.SelectedIndex = i Exit For End If Next i The following example demonstrates how to iterate from the end to the start of an array of values: For i = UBound(sArray) to LBound(sArray) Step – 1 Debug.WriteLine(sArray(i)) Next i The following example demonstrates how to select only every other value from an array of values: For i = LBound(sArray) to UBound(sArray) Step 2 Debug.WriteLine(sArray(i)) Next i Programming Tips and Gotchas You can also nest For…Next loops, as shown here: For iDay = 1 to 365 For iHour = 1 to 23 For iMinute = 1 to 59 … Next iMinute Next iHour Next iDay Although the counter following the Next keyword is optional, you will find your code is much easier to read if you use it, especially when nesting For…Next loops. You should avoid changing the value of counter in the code within the loop. Not only can this lead to unexpected results; it makes for code that’s incredibly difficult to read and to understand. Once the loop has finished executing, the value of counter is officially undefined. That is, you should not make any assumptions about its value outside of the For…Nextloop, and you should not use it unless you first reinitialize it. See Also For Each…Next Statement For Each…Next Statement Syntax For Each element In group [statements] [Exit For] [statements]
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Data Type: Any valid numeric expression The starting value of counter for the first iteration of the loop maximum_value Use: Required Data Type: Any valid numeric expression The value of counter during the last iteration of the loop stepcounter Use: Optional (Required if Step is used) Data Type: Any valid numeric expression The amount by which counter is to be incremented or decremented on each iteration of the loop Description Defines a loop that executes a given number of times, as determined by a loop counter. To use the For…Next loop, you must assign a numeric value to a counter variable. This counter is either incremented or decremented automatically with each iteration of the loop. In the For statement, you specify the value that is to be assigned to the counter initially and the maximum value the counter will reach for the block of code to be executed. The Next statement marks the end of the block of code that is to execute repeatedly, and it also serves as a kind of flag that indicates that the counter variable is to be modified. Rules at a Glance If maximum_value is greater than initial_value and no Step keyword is used or the step counter is positive, the For…Next loop is ignored and execution commences with the first line of code immediately following the Next statement. If initial_value and maximum_value are equal and stepcounter is 1, the loop will execute once. counter cannot be a Boolean variable or an array element. counter is incremented by one with each iteration unless the Step keyword is used. The For…Next loop can contain any number of ExitFor statements. When the ExitFor statement is executed, program execution commences with the first line of code immediately following the Next statement. If the Step keyword is used, stepcounter specifies the amount counter is incremented (if stepcounter is positive) or decremented (if it is negative). Example The following example demonstrates the use of a For…Next statement to iterate through the items in a combo box until an item in the combo box list matches a particular value entered in a text box: Dim sSought As String = txtSeek.Text Dim i As Integer
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Indicates whether the dialog box shows the strikethrough and underline options. (The default is True.) Example The following code displays the Font dialog box and then displays the user’s choice of font family: Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic Imports System Imports System.Windows.Forms Imports System.Drawing Module modMain Public Sub Main Dim fn As New FontDialog( ) fn.ShowEffects = True fn.ShowDialog( ) MsgBox(fn.Font.FontFamily.Name) End Sub End Module VB .NET/VB 6 Differences While the FontDialog class is implemented in the .NET Base Class Library, VB 6 offers the CommonDialog custom control. Although the two offer similar functionality, their public interfaces are almost completely different. For…Next Statement Syntax For counter = initial_value To maximum_value _ [Step stepcounter] ‘ code to execute on each iteration [Exit For] Next [counter] counter Use: Required (Optional with Next statement) Data Type: Any valid numeric variable A variable that serves as the loop counter initial_value Use: Required

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The R property, G property, and B property, which return a byte specifying the red, green, or blue color component of the RGB color value, respectively. The IsKnownColor, IsNamedColor, and IsSystemColor properties, which give information about the color. Please see the documentation for more information on these properties. Font property Sets or retrieves the font chosen by the user. The return value is an instance of the Font class in the System.Drawing namespace. The Font class has a number of members, among which are: Bold, Italic, Strikout, Underline properties Boolean properties used to set or retrieve the corresponding attribute of the font. FontFamily property Returns a FontFamily object associated with the font. Use the Name property to get the name of the font family. Name property Returns the face name of the font as a String. SizeInPoints Returns the size of the font, in points, as a Single. Style Returns a FontStyle constant that contains information about the style of the font. The FontStyle constants are Bold, Italic, Regular, Strikeout, and Underline, and they can be combined using bitwise operations. MaxSize, MinSize properties These are properties of type Integer that specify the maximum and minimum sizes that can be entered into the Font dialog box. Show… properties The FontDialog has properties that specify the features of the dialog box. These include: ShowApply Indicates whether the dialog box has an Apply button. (The default is False.) ShowColor Indicates whether the dialog box shows the font color choice controls. (The default is False.) ShowEffects

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Math.Floor(12.9) ‘ Returns 12 Math.Floor(-12.1) ‘ Returns -13 Rules at a Glance Because this function can only accept numeric values, you may want to check the value you pass using the IsNumeric function to prevent generating an error. This is a Shared member, so it can be used without creating any objects. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The Floor function is new to the .NET Framework. See Also Ceiling Function FontDialog Class Namespace System.Windows.Forms Createable Yes Description Represents a common dialog box for selecting or saving a font. The FontDialog object has properties for setting the initial appearance and functionality of the dialog box, a property for returning the font selected by the user, as well as a method for showing the dialog box. Selected FontDialog Members The following provides a brief description of the more important members of the FontDialog class: Color property Sets or retrieves the color of the font. The return value is an instance of the Color structure. The Color structure has a number of members, among which are: Over 140 named color properties, from Red, Green, and Blue, to PapayaWhip, MistyRose, and MediumSeagreen. These properties return a Color structure. A Name property, which returns the name of the color or its ARGB value for custom colors. (The A component is the alpha component of the color, which determines the color’s opacity.)

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Sub TestFix( ) Dim dblTest As Double Dim objTest As Object dblTest = -100.9353 objTest = Fix(dblTest) ‘ returns -100 Console.WriteLine(objTest & ” ” & TypeName(objTest)) dblTest = 100.9353 objTest = Fix(dblTest) ‘returns 100 Console.WriteLine(objTest & ” ” & TypeName(objTest)) End Sub Programming Tips and Gotchas Fix does not round number to the nearest whole number; it simply removes the fractional part of number. Therefore, the integer returned by Fix will be the nearest whole number less than (or greater than, if the number is negative) the number passed to the function. See Also Int Function, Round Function Floor Function Class System.Math Syntax Math.Floor(d) d Use: Required Data Type: Double Return Value Returns a Double containing the largest integer less than or equal to the argument d. Description Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the argument d. Example
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“Landbor Data”, “Micron Co.”} Dim sMatch As String = “micro” Dim blnInclude As Boolean = True Dim sFiltered( ) As String = Filter(sKeys, sMatch, blnInclude, _ CompareMethod.Text) Dim sElement As String For Each sElement In sFiltered Console.WriteLine(sElement) Next Fix Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Conversion Syntax Fix(number) number Use: Required Data Type: Double or any numeric expression A number whose integer portion is to be returned Return Value A number of the same data type as number whose value is the integer portion of number Description For nonnegative numbers, Fix returns the floor of the number (the largest integer less than or equal to number). For negative numbers, Fix returns the ceiling of the number (the smallest integer greater than or equal to number). Rules at a Glance If number is Nothing, Fix returns Nothing. The operation of Int and Fix are identical when dealing with positive numbers: numbers are rounded down to the next lowest whole number. For example, both Int(3.14) and Fix(3.14) return 3. If number is negative, Fix removes its fractional part, thereby returning the next greater whole number. For example, Fix(-3.667) returns -3. This contrasts with Int, which returns the negative integer less than or equal to number (or -4, in the case of our example). The function returns the same data type as was passed to it. Example
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Data Type: Boolean A Boolean (True or False) value. If True (the default value), Filter includes all matching values in the returned array; if False, Filter excludes all matching values (or, to put it another way, includes all nonmatching values). Compare Use: Optional Type: CompareMethod enumeration A constant whose value can be CompareMethod.Text or CompareMethod.Binary (the default). Return Value A 0-based String array of the elements filtered from Source Description The Filter function produces an array of matching values from an array of source values that either match or do not match a given filter string. Put another way, individual elements are copied from a source array to a target array if they either match (Include is True) or do not match (Include is False) a filter string.A match occurs for an array element if Match is a substring of the array element. Rules at a Glance The default Include value is True. The default Compare value is CompareMethod.Binary. CompareMethod.Binary is case sensitive; that is, Filter matches both character and case. In contrast, CompareMethod.Text is case insensitive, matching only character regardless of case. If no matches are found, Filter returns an empty array. Programming Tips and Gotchas Although the Filter function is primarily a string function, you can also filter numeric values. To do this, specify a Source of type Object and populate this array with numeric values. Then assign the string representation of the numeric value you wish to filter on to the Match parameter. Note, though, that the returned string contains string representations of the filtered numbers. For example: Dim oArray( ) As Object = _ {123,222,444,139,1,12,98,908,845,22,3,9,11} Dim sResult( ) As String = Filter(oArray, “1″) In this case, the resulting array contains five elements: 123, 139, 1, 12, and 11. Example Dim sKeys( ) As String = {“Microsoft Corp.”, “AnyMicro Inc.”, _
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