Aquariums Visual Basic Programming Blog

arglist uses the following syntax and parts: [Optional] [ByVal | ByRef] [ParamArray] varname[( )] [As type] _ [= defaultvalue] Optional Use: Optional Type: Keyword An optional argument is one that need not be supplied when calling the function. However, all arguments following an optional one must also be optional. A ParamArray argument cannot be optional. ByVal Use: Optional Type: Keyword The argument is passed by value; that is, the local copy of the variable is assigned the value of the argument. ByRef Use: Optional Type: Keyword The argument is passed by reference; that is, the local variable is simply a reference to the argument being passed. All changes made to the local variable will be also reflected in the calling argument. ByVal is the default method of passing variables. ParamArray Use: Optional Type: Keyword Indicates that the argument is an optional array of Objects containing an arbitrary number of elements. It can only be used as the last element of the argument list, and it cannot be used with the ByRef, ByVal, or Optional keywords. varname Use: Required Type: String literal The name of the local variable containing either the reference or value of the argument. type Use: Optional

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MustOverride Indicates that the function must be overridden in a derived class. For more detail, see Chapter 3. Shadows In a derived class definition, indicates that calls to derived class members that are made through a base class ignore the shadowed implementation. Shared A shared function is callable without creating an object of the class. It is, in this strange sense, shared by all objects of the class. These are also called static functions. AccessModifier Use: Optional Type: Keyword One of the following keywords: Public, Private, Protected, Friend, Protected Friend. The upcoming table describes the effects of the various access modifiers. Note that direct access refers to accessing the member without any qualification, as in: classvariable = 100 and class/object access refers to accessing the member through qualification, either with the class name or the name of an object of that class. Direct access scope Class/object access scope Private Declaring class Declaring class Protected All derived classes Declaring class Friend Derived in-project classes Declaring project Protected Friend All derived classes Declaring project Public All derived classes All projects For more information, see Section 3.7 in Chapter 3. name Use: Required Type: String literal The name of the function. arglist Use: Optional A comma-delimited list of variables to be passed to the function as arguments from the calling procedure. 347
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When the Friend keyword is used, the item being declared has direct access scope inside of the class module in which the item is declared, as well as in all derived classes in the same project. However, if the item is declared using ProtectedFriend, then the scope is all derived classes, including those that are in other projects. For more information on access modifiers, including Friend, see the following topics, as well as Chapter 3: Class Statement Const Statement Enum Statement Function Statement Property Statement Sub Statement Function Statement Syntax [ClassBehavior][AccessModifier] Function name _ [(arglist)] [As type][( )] [statements] [name = expression] [statements] End Function ClassBehavior Use: Optional Type: Keyword One of the following keywords: Overloads Indicates that more than one declaration of this function exists (with different argument signatures). For more detail, see Chapter 3. Overrides For derived classes, indicates that the function overrides the function by the same name (and argument signature) in the base class. For more detail, see Chapter 3. Overridable Indicates that the function can be overridden in a derived class. For more detail, see Chapter 3. NotOverridable Indicates that the function cannot be overridden in a derived class. For more detail, see Chapter 3.
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There is no appreciable difference in either coding or performance between these two statements: sDate = FormatDateTime(dDate, LongDate) sDate = Format(dDate, “Long Date”) See Also Format Function, FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, FormatPercent Functions FreeFile Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.FileSystem Syntax FreeFile( ) Return Value An integer representing the next available file number Description Returns the next available file number for use in a FileOpen function Programming Tips and Gotchas It is good programming practice to always use FreeFile to obtain a file number to use in the FileOpen procedure. You should call FreeFile and store the returned file number to a variable rather than passing the FreeFile function directly as the filenumber argument of the FileOpen procedure. In this way, you save the file handle for a subsequent call to the FileClose procedure. After using the FreeFile function to retrieve a file handle, you should immediately call the FileOpen procedure, particularly if your file access code resides in a multithreaded application or component. Failure to do so may cause the same handle to be assigned to two different variables, so that one of the calls to FileOpen fails. Friend Keyword Description The Friend keyword is used to declare classes, module-level variables (but not local variables), constants, enumerations, properties, methods, functions, and subroutines.

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Return Value String representing the formatted date or time Description Formats a date or time expression based on the computer’s regional settings Rules at a Glance The Dateformat enum is: DateFormat.GeneralDate Value: 0 Displays a date and/or time. If there is a date part, displays it as a short date. If there is a time part, displays it as a long time. If present, both parts are displayed. DateFormat.LongDate Value: 1 Uses the long-date format specified in the client computer’s regional settings. DateFormat.ShortDate Value: 2 Uses the short-date format specified in the client computer’s regional settings. DateFormat.LongTime Value: 3 Uses the time format specified in the computer’s regional settings. DateFormat.ShortTime Value: 4 Uses a 24-hour format (hh:mm). The default date format is GeneralDate. Programming Tips and Gotchas Remember that date and time formats obtained from the client computer are based upon the client computer’s regional settings. It is not uncommon for a single application to be used internationally, so date formats can vary widely. Not only that, but you can never be sure that a user has not modified the regional settings on her computer. In short, never take a date coming in from a client machine for granted; ideally, you should always verify that it is in the format you need prior to using it.
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The three functions are almost identical. They all take identical arguments. The only difference is that FormatCurrency returns a formatted number beginning with the currency symbol specified in the computer’s regional settings, FormatNumber returns just the formatted number, and FormatPercent returns the formatted number followed by a percentage sign (%). Rules at a Glance If NumDigitsAfterDecimal is not specified, its default value is -1, which means that the value in the computer’s regional settings is used. The TriState constant values are True, False, and UseDefault. When optional arguments are omitted, their values are defined by the computer’s regional settings. In the FormatCurrency function, the position of the currency symbol in relation to the currency value is defined by the computer’s regional settings. Programming Tips and Gotchas These three functions first appeared in VBScript Version 2 as “light” alternatives to the Format function, which had originally been left out of VBScript due to its size. They are quick and easy to use and make your code more self-documenting; you can instantly see what format is being applied to a number without having to decipher the format string. See Also Format Function, FormatDateTime Function FormatDateTime Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax FormatDateTime(expression[,dateformat]) expression Use: Required Data Type: Date Date variable or literal date dateformat Use: Optional Data Type: DateFormat enum Defines the format of the date to return
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FormatPercent(expression[,NumDigitsAfterDecimal][, _ IncludeLeadingDigit[,UseParensForNegativeNumbers[, _ GroupDigits]]]]) expression Use: Required Data Type: Object The number or numeric expression to be formatted. NumDigitsAfterDecimal Use: Optional Data Type: Long The number of digits the formatted string should contain after the decimal point. IncludeLeadingDigit Use: Optional Data Type: TriState constant Indicates whether the formatted string is to have a 0 before floating point numbers between 1 and -1. UseParensForNegativeNumbers Use: Optional Data Type: TriState constant Specifies whether parentheses should be placed around negative numbers. GroupDigits Use: Optional Data Type: TriState constant Determines whether digits in the returned string should be grouped using the delimiter specified in the computer’s regional settings. For example, on English language systems, the value 1000000 is returned as 1,000,000 if GroupDigits is True. Return Value String Description Functions used to format currency, numbers, and percentages.

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End If However, assigning the value returned by the Format function that has been passed the recordset field can do away with this long and tedious coding, as the following line of code illustrates: sMyString = Format(rsMyRecordSet!myValue) If you are passing a date to SQL Server, what date format should you use? By default, SQL Server expects an American date format, mmddyy, but it is possible for the database to have been altered to accept other date formats, or you could be passing data to a stored procedure that begins with a date-time conversion statement (SETDATEFORMAT dateformat). The only sure way of passing a date into SQL Server is by using the ANSI standard date format ‘yyyymmdd’ (including the single quotation marks). When passing a date to a Jet (Access) database, you should surround the date with hash characters (#); for example, #12/31/1999#. Formatting numbers using Format without a format definition is also preferable to simply using the Str function. Unlike Str, the Format function removes the leading space normally reserved for the sign from positive numbers. You can also use the Format function to scale numbers by 1000. This is achieved by placing a thousands separator to the immediate left of the decimal point for each 1000 you wish the number to be scaled by. Thus: ‘one separator divides the expression by 1000 = 1000 Format(1000000, “##0,.”) ‘two separators divides the expression by 1,000,000 = 1 Format(1000000, “##0,,.”) VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The VB 6 version of the Format function defined five special symbols (@, &, <, >, and !) for creating user-defined string formats. In beta 2 of VB .NET, these symbols are treated as literal characters. See Also FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, FormatPercent Functions, FormatDateTime Function FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, FormatPercent Functions Class Microsoft. VisualBasic. Strings Syntax FormatCurrency(expression[,NumDigitsAfterDecimal][, _ IncludeLeadingDigit[,UseParensForNegativeNumbers[, _ GroupDigits]]]]) FormatNumber(expression[,NumDigitsAfterDecimal][, _ IncludeLeadingDigit[,UseParensForNegativeNumbers[, _ GroupDigits]]]])
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Description: Decimal placeholder. The actual character displayed as a decimal placeholder depends on the international settings of the local Windows system. (% ) Description: Percentage placeholder. Displays expression as a percentage by first multiplying the value of expression by 100. Example: Format(0.25, “##.00%”) returns 25.00% (, ) Description: Thousands separator. The actual character displayed as a thousands separator depends on the international settings of the local Windows system. You only need to show one thousands separator in your definition. Example: Format(1000000, “#,###”) returns 1,000,000 (E- E+ e- e+ ) Description: Scientific format. If the format expression contains at least one digit placeholder (0 or #) to the right of E-, E+, e-, or e+, the number is displayed in scientific format, and the letter E or e that was used in the format expression is inserted between the number and its exponent. The number of digit placeholders to the right determines the number of digits displayed in the exponent. Use E-or e-to place a minus sign next to negative exponents. Use E+ or e+ to place a minus sign next to negative exponents and a plus sign next to positive exponents. - + $ ( ) Description: Displays a literal character. Example: Format(2345.25,”$#,###.##”) returns $2,345.25 ( ) Description: The character following the backslash will be displayed as a literal character. Use the backslash to display a special formatting character as a literal. Example: Format(0.25, “##.00%”) returns .25% Note: Note the difference between the result of this example and the result of the % formatting character. Programming Tips and Gotchas A little known and very important use of the Format function is to prevent an “Invalid Use of Null” error from occurring when assigning values from a recordset to a variable within your program. For example, if a field within either a DAO or RDO recordset created from either an Access or SQL Server database contains a Null value, you could trap this and change its value to “” as follows: If IsNull(rsMyRecordSet!myValue) Then sMyString = “” Else sMyString = rsMyRecordSet!myValue
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Returns: 6 yy Element: Year Display as: A 2-digit number (00 - 99) Example: Format(”01/06/98″, “yy”) Returns: 98 yyyy Element: Year Display as: A 4-digit number (100 - 9999) Example: Format(”01/06/98″, “yyyy”) Returns: 1998 Characters used to create user-defined number formats are as follows: (0 ) Description: Digit placeholder. If expression contains a digit in the appropriate position, the digit is displayed; otherwise, a 0 will be displayed. The format definition dictates the number of digits after the decimal point, forcing the number held within an expression to be rounded to the given number of decimal places. It does not, however, affect the number of digits shown to the left of the decimal point. Example #1: Format(23.675, “00.0000″) returns 23.6750 Example #2: Format(23.675, “00.00″) returns23.68 Example #3: Format(2658, “00000″) returns 02658 Example #4: Format(2658, “00.00″) returns 2658.00 (# ) Description: Digit placeholder. If expression contains a digit in the appropriate position, the digit is displayed; otherwise, nothing will be displayed. Example #1: Format(23.675, “##.##”) returns 23.68 Example #2: Format(23.675, “##.####”) returns 23.675 Example #3: Format(12345.25, “#,###.##”) returns 12,345.25 (. )

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