Aquariums Visual Basic Programming Blog

FileAttribute Enum Constant Value Description Normal VbNormal 0 Normal ReadOnly VbReadOnly 1 Read-only Hidden VbHidden 2 Hidden System VbSystem 4 System Directory VbDirectory 16 Directory or folder Archive VbArchive 32 File has changed since last backup Description Determines which attributes have been set for a file or directory Rules at a Glance pathname may optionally include a directory name and a drive letter, including a network drive. pathname can also follow the UNC format of //machine_name/drive. You can check if a particular attribute has been set by performing a bitwise comparison of the GetAttr return value and the value of the attribute constant using the And operator. A nonzero result means that the particular attribute has been set; conversely, a zero value indicates that the attribute has not been set. For example: If (GetAttr(myfile.txt) And VbReadOnly) = 0 then Msgbox “The file is Read-Write” Else MsgBox “The file is Read-Only” End If Programming Tips and Gotchas If pathname is invalid, a FileNotFoundException exception is generated. Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings Syntax GetChar(str, index) str Use: Required Data Type: String The string from which to extract a character index Use: Required Data Type: Integer Position of character (1-based)

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MySettings = GetAllSettings(appname:=”WindowsApplication6″, _ section:=”Startup”) If Not (MySettings Is Nothing) Then For intSettings = 0 To UBound(MySettings, 1) Debug.WriteLine(MySettings(intSettings, 0)) Debug.WriteLine(MySettings(intSettings, 1)) Next intSettings DeleteSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”) else MsgBox(”No settings”) End If Because GetAllSetting retrieves data from the user branch of the registry, and the physical file that forms the user branch of the registry may change (depending, of course, on who the user is and, in the case of Windows 9x systems, whether the system is configured to support multiple users), never assume that an application has already written data to the registry. In other words, even if you’re sure that your application’s installation routine or the application itself has successfully stored values in the registry, never assume that a particular value entry exists, and always be prepared to substitute a default value if it does not. Rather than rely on the relatively underpowered registry-access functionality available in Visual Basic, we highly recommend that you instead use the Registry and RegistryKey classes available in the BCL’s Microsoft.Win32 namespace. See Also DeleteSetting Procedure, GetSetting Function, SaveSetting Procedure GetAttr Function Class Microsoft. VisualBasic.FileSystem Yes Syntax GetAttr(pathname) pathname Use: Required Data Type: String Filename and an optional pathname Return Value An integer representing the sum of the following constants or members of the FileAttribute enumeration, which reflect the attributes set for the file:
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An object containing a two-dimensional array of strings Description Returns the registry value entries and their corresponding values for the application Rules at a Glance GetAllSettings works exclusively with the subkeys of HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftware VB and VBA ProgramSettings. The elements in the first dimension of the array returned by GetAllSettings contain the value entry names. The elements in the second dimension of the array returned by GetAllSettings contain the values for the respective value entries. The two-dimensional array returned by GetAllSettings is based at 0 (as are all arrays) so the first value entry name is referenced using (0,0). A call to GetAllSettings will return only the value entry names and data belonging to the final registry key specified by the section argument. If that key itself has one or more subkeys, their data will not be retrieved by the function. If either appname or section do not exist, GetAllSettings will return an uninitialized Object. Programming Tips and Gotchas GetAllSettings is a function that was developed to retrieve data from initialization files in 16-bit environments and to retrieve data from the registry under Windows 9x and Windows NT. The language of the documentation, however, reflects the language of initialization files. The arguments labeled appnameand section are in fact registry keys; the argument labeled key is in fact a registry value entry. The built-in registry-manipulation functions allow you to create professional 32-bit applications that use the registry for holding application-specific data, in the same way that .INI files were used in the 16-bit environment. You can, for example, store information about the user’s desktop settings (i.e., the size and position for forms) the last time the program was run. Because the built-in registry functions in VB only create string-type registry keys, GetSetting and GetAllSettings return string values. Therefore, before you use numeric values returned from the registry, you should explicitly convert the value to a numeric data type. GetAllSettings, SaveSettings, and GetSetting allow you direct access to only a limited section of the windows registry, that being a special branch created for your application (HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftware VBand VBA ProgramSettings). You cannot access or change other registry settings without using the Win32 API. Use the code Application.ExecutablePath to pass your application’s name to the GetAllSetting function. Only those settings that were created using either the Win32 API or the SaveSetting function will be returned. In other words, a VB application does not have a registry entry unless you have created one explicitly. If the key read by GetAllSettings has a default value, that value will not be retrieved by the function. If you want to store and retrieve default values, you must call the Win32 API directly. Because GetAllSettings returns an uninitialized Object when either appname or section do not exist, if you subsequently try to perform a UBound or LBound function on the object, a “Type Mismatch” error will be generated. You can test the validity of the returned value, as follows: Dim MySettings(,) As String Dim intSettings As Integer ‘ Place some settings in the registry. SaveSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”, “Top”, “75″) SaveSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”, “Left”, “50″) ‘ Retrieve the settings.
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If Not (MySettings Is Nothing) Then For intSettings = 0 To UBound(MySettings, 1) Debug.WriteLine(MySettings(intSettings, 0)) Debug.WriteLine(MySettings(intSettings, 1)) Next intSettings DeleteSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”) else MsgBox(”No settings”) End If Because GetAllSetting retrieves data from the user branch of the registry, and the physical file that forms the user branch of the registry may change (depending, of course, on who the user is and, in the case of Windows 9x systems, whether the system is configured to support multiple users), never assume that an application has already written data to the registry. In other words, even if you’re sure that your application’s installation routine or the application itself has successfully stored values in the registry, never assume that a particular value entry exists, and always be prepared to substitute a default value if it does not. Rather than rely on the relatively underpowered registry-access functionality available in Visual Basic, we highly recommend that you instead use the Registry and RegistryKey classes available in the BCL’s Microsoft.Win32 namespace. See Also DeleteSetting Procedure, GetSetting Function, SaveSetting Procedure GetAllSettings Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction Syntax GetAllSettings(appname, section) appname Use: Required Data Type: String Name of the application section Use: Required Data Type: String Relative path from appname to the key containing the settings to retrieve Return Value
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Description Returns the registry value entries and their corresponding values for the application Rules at a Glance GetAllSettings works exclusively with the subkeys of HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftware VB and VBA ProgramSettings. The elements in the first dimension of the array returned by GetAllSettings contain the value entry names. The elements in the second dimension of the array returned by GetAllSettings contain the values for the respective value entries. The two-dimensional array returned by GetAllSettings is based at 0 (as are all arrays) so the first value entry name is referenced using (0,0). A call to GetAllSettings will return only the value entry names and data belonging to the final registry key specified by the section argument. If that key itself has one or more subkeys, their data will not be retrieved by the function. If either appname or section do not exist, GetAllSettings will return an uninitialized Object. Programming Tips and Gotchas GetAllSettings is a function that was developed to retrieve data from initialization files in 16-bit environments and to retrieve data from the registry under Windows 9x and Windows NT. The language of the documentation, however, reflects the language of initialization files. The arguments labeled appnameand section are in fact registry keys; the argument labeled key is in fact a registry value entry. The built-in registry-manipulation functions allow you to create professional 32-bit applications that use the registry for holding application-specific data, in the same way that .INI files were used in the 16-bit environment. You can, for example, store information about the user’s desktop settings (i.e., the size and position for forms) the last time the program was run. Because the built-in registry functions in VB only create string-type registry keys, GetSetting and GetAllSettings return string values. Therefore, before you use numeric values returned from the registry, you should explicitly convert the value to a numeric data type. GetAllSettings, SaveSettings, and GetSetting allow you direct access to only a limited section of the windows registry, that being a special branch created for your application (HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftware VBand VBA ProgramSettings). You cannot access or change other registry settings without using the Win32 API. Use the code Application.ExecutablePath to pass your application’s name to the GetAllSetting function. Only those settings that were created using either the Win32 API or the SaveSetting function will be returned. In other words, a VB application does not have a registry entry unless you have created one explicitly. If the key read by GetAllSettings has a default value, that value will not be retrieved by the function. If you want to store and retrieve default values, you must call the Win32 API directly. Because GetAllSettings returns an uninitialized Object when either appname or section do not exist, if you subsequently try to perform a UBound or LBound function on the object, a “Type Mismatch” error will be generated. You can test the validity of the returned value, as follows: Dim MySettings(,) As String Dim intSettings As Integer ‘ Place some settings in the registry. SaveSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”, “Top”, “75″) SaveSetting(”WindowsApplication6″, “Startup”, “Left”, “50″) ‘ Retrieve the settings. MySettings = GetAllSettings(appname:=”WindowsApplication6″, _ section:=”Startup”)

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or: Public Property MyProp As String Private sSomeVar as String Property Get( ) MyProp = sSomeVar End Get … End Property The value returned by a property is usually the value of a variable that’s Private to the class. This protects the property value from accidental modification. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences The PropertyGet statement in VB 6 corresponds to the Get statement in VB .NET. Though the purpose and basic operation of the two constructs is identical, the syntax of the VB .NET construct is vastly simplified and more intuitive. See Also Property Statement, Set Statement GetAllSettings Function Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction Syntax GetAllSettings(appname, section) appname Use: Required Data Type: String Name of the application section Use: Required Data Type: String Relative path from appname to the key containing the settings to retrieve Return Value An object containing a two-dimensional array of strings

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Calculates the future value of an annuity (either an investment or loan) based on a regular number of payments of a fixed value and a static interest rate over the period of the annuity. Rules at a Glance The time units used for the number of payment periods, the rate of interest, and the payment amount must be the same. In other words, if you state the payment period in months, you must also express the interest rate as a monthly rate and the amount paid per month. The rate per period is stated as a fraction of 100. For example, 10% is stated as .10. If you are calculating using monthly periods, you must also divide the rate per period by 12. Therefore, 10% per annum, for example, equates to a rate per period of .00833. The pv argument is most commonly used as the initial value of a loan. The default is 0. Payments made against a loan or added to the value of savings are expressed as negative numbers. The default value for the due argument is DueDate.EndOfPeriod. See Also IPmt Function, NPer Function, NPV Function, PPmt Function, PV Function, Rate Function Get Statement Syntax Get( ) [ statements ] End Get statements Use: Optional Program code to be executed when the Property Get procedure is called Description Defines a Property Get procedure that returns a property value to the caller Rules at a Glance The Get statement can only be used within a Property…EndProperty construct. The property value can be returned either by using the Return statement or by assigning the value to a variable whose name is the same as the property. For example: Public Property MyProp As String Private sSomeVar as String Property Get( ) Return sSomeVar End Get … End Property
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Class Microsoft.VisualBasic.Financial Syntax FV(rate, nper, pmt[, pv [, due]]) rate Use: Required Data Type: Double The interest rate per period nper Use: Required Data Type: Integer The number of payment periods in the annuity pmt Use: Required Data Type: Double The payment made in each period pv Use: Optional Data Type: Variant The present value of the loan or annuity due Use: Optional Data Type: Constant of the DueDate enumeration that specifies whether payments are due at the start or the end of the period. The value can be DueDate.BegOfPeriod or DueDate.EndOfPeriod (the default). Return Value A Double specifying the future value of an annuity Description
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If you specify an optional parameter in your function declaration, you must also provide a default value for that parameter. For example: Private Function ShowMessage(Optional sMsg _ As String = “Not given”) Programming Tips and Gotchas There is often confusion between using the ByRef and ByVal methods to assign arguments to a function. ByRef assigns a reference of the variable in the calling procedure to the variable in the function; any changes made to the variable from within the function are in reality made to the variable in the calling procedure. On the other hand, ByVal assigns the value of the variable in the calling procedure to the variable in the function. Changes made to the variable in the function have no effect on the variable in the calling procedure. In general, ByRef arguments within class modules take longer to perform, since marshaling back and forth between function and calling module must take place; so unless you explicitly need to modify a variable’s value within a function, it’s best to pass parameters by value. Since a variable passed to a function by reference is actually modified by the function, you can use such variables to “return” multiple values from the function. VB .NET/VB 6 Differences If a parameter array is used in VB 6, it is a comma-delimited list of values in the calling procedure that is treated as an array of variants in the called function. In VB .NET, the arguments can be any data type, and they can be either an comma-delimited list of scalar values or an array. In VB 6, the elements in parameter arrays are passed by reference; in VB .NET, they are passed by value. If you do not specify whether an individual element in arglist is passed ByVal or ByRef, it is passed by reference in VB 6. In VB .NET, it is passed by value. In VB 6, you can call a function that has arguments in a number of ways: x = SomeFunction(arg1, arg2) Call SomeFunction(arg1, arg2) SomeFunction arg1, arg2 In VB .NET, parentheses are required in the function call: x = SomeFunc(arg1, arg2) Call SomeFunc(arg1, arg2) SomeFunc(arg1, arg2) In VB 6, optional arguments do not require that you specify a default value. Instead, the IsMissing function is used to determine whether the optional argument is supplied (although in some cases it is unreliable). In VB .NET, you must assign a default value to an optional argument. See Also Sub Statement FV Function
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Type: Keyword The data type of the argument. defaultvalue Use: Optional Type: String literal For optional arguments, you must specify a default value. type Use: Optional Type: Keyword The return data type of the function. statements Use: Optional Program code to be executed within the function. expression Use: Optional The value to return from the function to the calling procedure. Description Defines a function procedure Rules at a Glance Functions cannot be nested, that is, you cannot define one function inside another function. (This applies to all procedures.) If you do not include one of the access keywords, a function will be Public by default. Any number of ExitFunction statements can be placed within the function. Execution will continue with the line of code immediately following the call to the function. If a value has not been assigned to the function when the ExitFunction statement executes, the function will return the default initialization value of the data type specified for the return value of the function. If the data type of the function was an object reference, the exited function will return Nothing. The return value of a function is passed back to the calling procedure by assigning a value to the function name. This may be done more than once within the function. To return arrays of any type from a procedure, you must use parentheses after the data type in the return value of the function declaration, as in: Public Function Test() As Integer( )
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